Whenever you drive at night you always need headlights to see the road clearly no matter what vehicle you are driving. Be it a car, bike, bus, truck, or even an airplane, every vehicle has headlights, but why don't ships have headlights?
The first thing to note is that the ship's path is very different from the road and the sky because in a ship you don't need to look in front as much as you need to look far away. The shape and size of headlights are known to all, when the beam comes out of the headlights, it remains very strong, but the farther it goes, the wider it becomes, thus reducing its intensity. On the other hand, the length of the ship is measured in meters, so in reality, the headlights will not show even a few meters distance in the ocean. Even if the world's most powerful headlight is used, nothing much will be visible as the ocean is so vast.
Generally, to prevent the collision of two large vessels and to apply proper braking, the other ship's presence has to be detected three to four kilometers earlier, only then the Ship's Captain will be able to take any action. Therefore, if it is said in one line, the headlight is absolutely impractical in the ocean, because even if you install millions of lights, its beam will remain strong in the beginning, but it will fade away after going a little further. Therefore, instead of headlights, bright and intense navigation lights, also known as running or position lights, are installed on the ship to prevent any major accident from happening.
For example, if you look at a ship from the front, one side part of the ship has a green light and the other side part has a red light, and the back part has white light. As you can see in the picture above, (number 2), the vessel facing directly toward the observer; (number 4), the vessel facing away from the observer. So now you must have understood that the ship has color codes and by looking at these colors any ship can know whether the other ship is coming towards it or not.
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